Аssessment of excess pressure during accidents at oil refineries

Kalchenko Yaroslav

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3482-0782

Afanasenko Kostiantyn

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1877-1551

Vavreniuk Sergеi

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6396-9906

Pisklova Daria

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9521-7006

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2024-39-12

Keywords: excess explosion pressure, oil spill, oil tanks, consequences of accidents

Аnnotation

Аssessed the excess explosion pressure during an accident on oil tanks. In the studies, three cases of accidents were considered: local depressurization of the oil tank, full depressurization of the oil tank without the formation of a breakthrough wave and full depressurization with the formation of a breakthrough wave of the oil. The study was conducted for tanks with a volume of 10.000 m³. The paper considers a mathematical model of the overpressure of the explosion of vapors evaporated from a oil spill in the event of these accidents. According to this mathematical model, graphs of the dependence of excess explosion pressure on the radius were built. From the analysis of these graphs, numerical values of the radii of buildings damage degreewere determined . In case of full depressurization of the oil tank with the formation of a breakthrough wave, the radii of buildings damage degreewill be significantly larger than in the case of full depressurization without the formation of a breakthrough wave, which is due to a significant increase in the area of evaporation of the oil. It is determined that the presence of a serviceable dike can significantly reduce the consequences of accidents that can occur when damaged oil tanks. The radii on which a person will suffer damage of various degrees of complexity from the explosion of oil product vapors during their spill as a result of an accident on oil tanks are determined. It was established that for the case of local and full depressurization of a tank with an oil product without the formation of a breakthrough wave, a person will not receive too severe affections from a shock wave. In this case, for the case of full depressurization of the oil tank with the formation of a breakthrough wave, this distance will be at least 535 meters. The obtained results allow to assess the consequences of accidents on oil tanks and can be used to determine the distances of personnel and their special protective clothing.

References

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Іncreasing the level of people’s safety during an air alarm

Shakhov Stanislav

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9161-1696

Vinogradov Stanislav

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-5489

Melnychenko Andrii

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7229-6926

Saveliev Dmytro

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4310-0437

Semkiv Valeria

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1584-4754

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2024-39-10

Keywords: evacuation, shelter, civil defense facilities, air alarm, PathFinder, PyroSim

Аnnotation

The object of the study is the duration of evacuation in the event of an air alarm to shelter on the example of an object with a mass presence of people located in the front-line region. Despite a significant number of studies devoted to evacuation, the majority of them were considered in the event of fires. In accordance with this, recommendations were given to increase the efficiency of evacuation using various methods. However, the issue of the duration of people's movement to shelter during a missile threat following an air warning signal has not yet been considered. A 3-D model of the building located in the front-line region was developed in accordance with spatial planning decisions. The sources of open information on the number of shelling in the region where the object is located were analyzed. As of the end of 2023, 47 cases were registered. The average time of approach of missiles to the city where the object is located is 30–40 seconds. According to this, the criteria for the safe time required to reach the shelter are established. When people are placed on the 1st-6th floors, the duration of evacuation to the shelter is 92,8 s, at a speed of movement of 1.66 m/s. In this case, only 33 %, namely 40 people manage to reach the shelter in 40 seconds. The remaining 67 %, namely 81 people, need another 52,8 seconds to reach a safe moon in case of a missile threat during an air alert. Places of placement of people in the premises of the object with a mass stay of people were optimized and recommendations were given regarding the speed of movement to the shelter. Proper provision of timely evacuation depends on the speed of movement and the location of people on the floors of the building. For this object, the optimal solution, which ensures the preservation of the lives of 95 % of people from the total number, is an immediate response to an alarm signal, a ban on placing people higher than 1 floor, and movement at a speed of at least 8 km/h.

References

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2. Jiuju, L., Shuhan, L. (2023). Pathfinder-Based Simulation and Optimization of Evacuation of Large Commercial Complexes. Journal of Building Constructionand Planning Research, 11(2), 27–35. doi: 10.4236/jbcpr.2023.112002
3. Hui, Z. (2022). Evacuation Simulation of Large Theater Based on Pyrosim and Pathfinder. J. Phys. Conf. Ser, 2289, 012017, 1–8. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2289/1/012017
4. Xinfeng, L., Xueqin, Z., Bo, L. (2017). Numerical simulation of dormitory building fire and personnel escape based on Pyrosim and Pathfinder, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 40(3), 257–266. doi: 10.1080/02533839.2017.1300072
5. Ming-xin, L., Shun-bing, Z., Jing-hong, W., Zheng, Z. (2018). Research on Fire Safety Evacuation in a University Library in Nanjing. Procedia Engineering, 211, 372–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.025
6. Mufeng, X., Xihua, Z., Xinxin, P., Yanan, W. (2022). Simulation of emergency evacuation from construction site of prefabricated buildings. Scientifc Reports, 12:2732, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06211-w
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Тhe heat transfer coefficient of the torch installation under the conditions of free convection

Zimin Sergej

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0514-2238

Afanasenko Kostiantyn

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1877-1551

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2024-39-11

Keywords: torch systems, torch pipes, temperature, thermal radiation, heat transfer coefficient

Аnnotation

A model is proposed for the study of temperature regimes of flare devices of biogas complexes based on the equation of non-stationary thermal conductivity. Despite the generally extremely complex phenomenon of heat exchange, heat transfer, and heat transfer, during the operation of the flare device such conditions exist that allow relying on relatively simple model descriptions, which can allow an assessment of the degree of danger of thermal radiation during its operation. The calculation scheme of the shielding pipe of the flare device with the calculation parameters was built and considered. Boundary conditions of the first kind on the inner and of the third kind on the outer surface of the casing wall of the flare device pipe are adopted. To build the model, the following assumptions were made: the temperature on the inner wall of the casing is the same and equal to the temperature of the biogas combustion products; the calculation scheme does not take into account thermal conductivity through the production armature of the flare device; in the process of heating, the geometric parameters of the casing wall do not change. It was determined that the heat transfer coefficient when using a flare device for burning biogas can be determined from the expression for determining the criterion of similarity of thermal processes. When calculating the criterion of similarity of thermal processes according to the obtained model, it was found that depending on the temperature of the external environment, its values can vary by 10–24 %. At the same time, the geometric parameters of the flare device have a more significant influence on the specified criteria – up to 65 %. The obtained analytical dependences of the heat transfer coefficient α on the characteristic geometric size, as well as on the air temperature and the temperature of the casing surface, which allows determining the negative thermal impact on the surrounding environment. It is shown that its value can vary up to 1000 % depending on the linear size and temperature of the casing surface.

References

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2. Taghavifar, M., Zandi, M. (2022). A review of new flare gases recovery meth-ods to increase energy efficiency and reduce pollutants. 9th Iranian Conference on Renewable Energy & Distributed Generation (ICREDG), 1–6. February 23–24, 2022, Mashhad, Iran. doi: 10.1109/ICREDG54199.2022.9804550
3. Zimin, S., Afanasenko, K., Lypovyi, V. (2022). The temperature regime of a closed-type flare system. Problems of Emergency Situations: Scientific Journal, 2(36), 267–279. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2022-36-20
4. Afanasenko, K., Lypovyi, V., Zimin, S. (2021). Manufacturing entities flare systems fire hazard analysis. Inzynieria Bezpieczenstwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych, (1), 9–14. doi: 10.37105/iboa.102
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Оptimization of the method of assessing the efficiencyof reactive fire protection coatings

Hryhorenko Oleksandr

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4629-1010

Saienko Natalia

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-5316

Zolkina Yevheniia

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-2546

Lypovyi Volodymyr

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1967-0720

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2024-39-9

Keywords: effectiveness of fire protection, method, reactive coating, testing, metal fire protection, building constructions

Аnnotation

 A critical analysis of methods for assessing the fire-resistant effectiveness of reactive fire-resistant coatings was carried out. It was established that during research aimed at the development of new formulations of flame retardant compounds, it is expedient to use simplified test methods, which would make it possible to significantly simplify the experiment and reduce the time for processing its results. A method of comparative assessment of fire protection efficiency using an electric oven with an isolated test chamber for heat accumulation as a source of thermal radiation, which allows obtaining a temperature on the reverse side of a metal plate above 950 °C, is proposed. As a criterion of fire protection efficiency, it is proposed to use a comparison of the time of reaching the critical temperature (500 °С) on the outside of metal plates protected by fire protection coatings. The effectiveness of fire protection of a metal plate according to the proposed method was investigated for three samples of reactive type fire retardants: a coating based on epoxy oligomer, ammonium polyphosphate, aluminum hydroxide and intercalated graphite, a coating based on styrene-acrylic industrial production and a known coating based on epoxy oligomer filled with ammonium monophosphate and intercalated graphite. It was established that the effectiveness of metal fire protection with a coating based on epoxy oligomer, ammonium polyphosphate, aluminum hydroxide, and intercalated graphite, estimated by comparing the heating time of the metal plate, is 1.3 times higher than the known analog based on epoxy and 1.6 times higher than reactive fire-resistant coating on a styrene-acrylic basis of industrial production, tested under the same conditions. The application of the proposed optimized method allows to provide a comparative assessment of the efficiency of coatings, using as a criterion the time to reach the critical temperature (500 °C) on the reverse side of the metal plate.

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