Modeling ammonium nitrate explosive properties

 

Nuianzin Vitalii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-0814

 

Tregubov Dmytro

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1821-822X

 

Maiboroda Artem

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6108-9772

 

Trefilova Larisa

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-4206

 

Mazurov Volodymyr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0415-7834

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-11

 

Keywords: ammonium nitrate, explosiveness, supramolecular structure, cluster, detonation ability, damage radius

 

Аnnotation

 

The ideas about occurrence mechanisms of agricultural ammonium nitrate explosive properties are systematized. It is shown that they only partially describe the such events randomness without substantiating development clear mechanisms. The directions of saltpeter properties changes under different additives and storage conditions, as well as ways to increase it structure stability during storage, are systematized. Mechanisms for preventing the explosiveness occurrence for agro-mixtures of nitrate with ammonium sulfate or calcium carbonate were compared. Schemes of saltpeter chemical transformations during decomposition at temperature influence or other initiation routes are presented. It is shown that it explosion specific TNT equivalent varies within 0.45–1.35, depending on the accompanying factors set. The possible explosion consequences for 3.000 tons saltpeter assessed based on the average TNT equivalent. The possible consequences of 10.000 tons saltpeter agro-mixtures explosion with a disturbed composition were assessed according to the participation coefficient in the explosion. Modeling of ammonium nitrate supramolecular structure variants for the stable state and for the explosive transformations initiation moment was carried out based on the determining the detonation ability index KD using the "melting ease" index. It was established that the scheme "linear cluster based on nitrobase" gives a high indicator KD >1, which does not correspond to reality; for tetragonal lattices KD < 1 was obtained, which shows the explosive properties absence; under crystal structure destruction conditions, for dimers with a clustering scheme with nitro groups “facing each other”, KD >1 was obtained, which determines significant explosive properties. The forming different supramolecular structures possibility determines the forming different explosive proper-ties ability.

 

References

 

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Scientific and methodological principles for justifying training standards in body armor

 

Avetisian Vadim

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5986-2794

 

Lisniak Andrey

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5526-1513

 

Shevchenko Serhii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6740-9252

 

Ostapov Kostiantyn

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1275-741X

 

Senchykhyn Iurii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5983-2747

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-10

 

Keywords: personal protective equipment, body armor, ballistic vest, helmet, fire and rescue units, standards

 

Аnnotation

 

A statistical assessment method was developed to evaluate the impact of ballistic protective equipment on the performance of operational standards by firefighters-rescuers. The method is based on a within-subject experimental design with repeated measurements under two conditions: without protective gear and while wearing a ballistic vest and helmet. To cover different types of physical and coordination load, a set of training exercises was selected and grouped into three categories: donning equipment (dynamic dressing actions), tasks involving fine motor coordination, and dynamic deployment with equipment handling. Each participant performed the exercises in both conditionswith and without protective gearwhile maintaining fixed rest intervals between trials. Several valid trials were recorded for each exercise, and a representative time was calculated for each participant. Primary indicators included the completion time under both conditions; secondary indicators comprised the relative increase in time and the correction coefficient (k) for each exercise. During data processing, the normality of differences was tested using the Shapiro–Wilk test, followed by a dependent samples t-test to evaluate statistical significance. The magnitude of the effect was quantified by Cohen’s d for paired measurements and interpreted using conventional thresholds (small, medium, large). For practical application, exercise-specific correction coefficients (k) were proposed as multiplicative factors to adjust existing time standards. The methodology was tested on a group of firefighters performing a standardized set of exercises. It was found that ballistic protection caused the greatest delay in actions involving donning equipment and active movement, while having minimal influence on fine-motor tasks requiring precision and coordination. The proposed procedure provides a formalized and statistically grounded approach for assessing the effect of protective equipment, and the obtained coefficients enable the integration of results into the system of operational standards to adjust performance time considering the use of ballistic protection.

 

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Mathematical modeling of the process of fine water mist generation by shock waves

 

Dubinin Dmytro

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8948-5240

 

Korytchenko Kostiantyn

National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute"

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1005-7778

 

Nuianzin Oleksandr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2527-6073

 

Hovalenkov Serhii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-814X

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-8

 

Keywords: system, fire extinguishing, fire, fine water mist, mathematical model, simulation, generation, atomization

 

Аnnotation

 

The conducted studies made it possible to identify the features of the process of fine water mist generation from the nozzle of a fire-extinguishing system under the action of shock waves and to substantiate a mathematical model describing this process. Mathematical modeling was carried out using specialized simulation software based on the Volume of Fluid model. According to the results, the generation of fine-dispersed water at the outlet of the fire-extinguishing nozzle under the influence of shock waves occurs within 1.13–1.73 ms, followed by a transition to steady-state atomization and dispersion within 2.02–2.41 ms. At 5.11–5.24 ms, the process terminates due to the depletion of water in the nozzle. The most intense atomization was recorded at 1.73 ms, while the maximum spread of the water mist cloud occurred at 2.02 ms, defining the key stages of generation and process efficiency. The main parameters of water mist generation and delivery were determined, including the total volume, number of droplets, and density within the computational domain. The mist cloud was found to have a cylindrical shape with a water volume of 1.37 L(1.37×10-3 m3), and the average water density in the air-water flow was 0.343 kg/ m3. For water droplets of various dispersities, their main parameters were determined. Thus, for droplets with a diameter of 5 µm, the volume of a single droplet is 6.54×10-17 m3, the total number of droplets is 7.2 million, and the droplet density within the fine water mist is 5.26×109 drops/m3. For droplets with a diameter of 50 µm, these parameters are 6.54×10-14 m3, 7.2 thousand, and 5.26×106 drops/m3, respectively; while for droplets of 100 µm, the corresponding values are 5.24×10-13 m3, 900, and 6.57×105 drops/m3. Mathematical modeling made it possible to investigate the process of fine water mist generation by the fire-extinguishing system under the influence of shock waves. The obtained parameters of fine-dispersed water determine the potential for its application in extinguishing fires of various classes, including under conditions of armed aggression.

 

References

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Modeling the risks of cascade accidents in rail transport under war conditions

 

Kurilo Аrtem

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5139-0278

 

Kustov Maksim

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-6399

 

Zimin Sergej

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0514-2238

 

Hubenko Andrey

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-3647-3909

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-9

 

Keywords: railway transport, critical infrastructure, cascade accidents, wartime risks

 

Аnnotation

 

The study aims to improve the resilience of rail transport during the transportation of hazardous chemicals in conditions of martial law. The work provides a comprehensive analysis of current risks to rail infrastructure, compares threats in peacetime and wartime, and identifies key accident scenarios. A library of cascading accident scenarios has been developed, and modified models for assessing risks and the spread of toxic emissions have been proposed, taking into account specific factors of wartime. To improve the accuracy of forecasting, the use of CFD modeling is proposed. The need for this work lies in the fact that classical risk models, effective in peacetime, do not take into account the new nature of threats – targeted attacks, shelling, and sabotage. Rail transport, being critical infrastructure, has become a target for the enemy, and an accident involving hazardous chemicals can lead to catastrophic consequences: large-scale fires, explosions, toxic emissions, and cascading accidents. It has been established that the effectiveness of countermeasures is determined by the speed of hazard detection and readiness for coordinated action in combat conditions. Classic risk assessment models no longer fully reflect the new reality, where deliberate hostile actions are the main factor in accidents. The results obtained and the models developed form the basis for the transition from reactive to proactive risk management. They make it possible to develop adaptive response plans and action algorithms for rescue services, implement preventive routing of dangerous goods and reinforce critical nodes, as well as create an integrated risk management system. This is aimed at minimizing human casualties, environmental damage, and the strategic consequences of infrastructure damage, ensuring the resilience of the country’s transport system in a state of martial law.

 

References

 

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Information technology, occupational safety and creative rehabilitation to improve the quality of education

 

Zhigulin Oleksandr

International University

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1532-2806

 

Usachov Dmytro

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1140-9798

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-7

 

Keywords: active system, information technologies, occupational safety, intellectual, psychological, physical rehabilitation

 

Аnnotation

 

The research focuses on the development of the «Methodology of an active management system for the implementation of information technologies, labor protection and creative rehabilitation to improve the quality of training of IT specialists during martial law», which consists of a continuous process of intellectual, psychological and physical rehabilitation of teachers and students using artificial intelligence resources, methods of augmented, imaginary reality and information duality. Intellectual rehabilitation consists in republishing textbooks and training manuals using artificial intelligence resources and recommendations of business representatives in the format of dual education standards. It is businessmen who are the best consultants on the possibility of implementing global information innovations at Ukrainian enterprises. It is recommended to conduct psychological rehabilitation of participants in the educational process through participation in creative activities. Since programming belongs to the creative industry, the development of creativity of participants in the educational process is mandatory. Physical rehabilitation of teachers can be organized through the Spartakiad and innovative meetings of departments on the topic «A healthy body is perseverance and a clear mind». Artificial intelligence, methods of augmented, imaginary reality and information duality help to quickly understand the essence of the problem, imagine a certain problem and promptly (within a month) make an effective decision to solve it. It is recommended to assess the effectiveness of the methodology using an indicator that takes into account the stability and state of development of the enterprise. The methodology was tested in educational institutions in the north, east and south of Ukraine and gave positive results. The quality of education increased by an average of 15 %, which made it possible to increase the student contingent by 3–5 % annually during martial law.

 

References

 

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