Silicon protective coatings for textile materials based on liquid glass

 

Olga Skorodumova

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8962-0155

 

Olena Tarakhno

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9385-9874

 

Olena Chebotareva

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-8700

 

Kateryna Bajanova

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5719-6759

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2022-35-8

 

Keywords: liquid glass, siliceous coatings, fire protection of textile materials, fire resistance, sol-gel method

 

Аnnotation

The problem of development of technological principles of obtaining silica coatings on the basis of stable concentrated SiO2 sols on the basis of liquid glass is solved in the work. The composition was developed and SiO2 sols based on liquid glass of technical purity were obtained by mixing a solution of liquid glass and acetic acid. Experimental coatings on tissues were prepared by the bath method. After applying each coating layer and removing excess sol, the experimental samples were dried by heating in an oven at (60–80) ºС. The resulting silicic acid solution is characterized by pH5-6, has sufficient resistance to coagulation for about an hour. To improve the quality of impregnation of fabric threads with the composition, ethanol was added in the amount of 5 to 15 vol. %. The obtained compositions were examined by spectrophotometric (CPK-2) and microscopic (Digital Microscope S10) 1000x methods of analysis. The behavior of experimental sols in the induction period of maturation was studied and it was found that the viability of sols increases with increasing alcohol content. It is shown that small amounts of alcohol lead to a decrease in the buffer capacity of the composition and, accordingly, to a decrease in the viability of sols. The alcohol content of 15 vol. % significantly increases the survivability of the sol. The influence of alcohol content on fire-retardant properties of impregnated tissue samples was studied. It has been shown that regardless of the concentration of the SiO2 sol, 10 % ethanol must be added to the composition to improve the fire-retardant properties of the impregnated tissues. After the fire tests, the fabrics have a fairly dense structure, but all the threads have become much thinner. All samples did not lose their elasticity, the coating did not crumble. Given that the stability of impregnated fabric samples compared to non-impregnated samples increased
5–7 times, it can be concluded that the use of SiO2 sols based on liquid glass for fire protection of textile materials is promising.

 

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Improvement of supply of gel-forming compositions by extinguishing unit with elongated crankshaft

 

Kostiantyn Ostapov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1275-741X

 

Iurii Senchykhin

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5983-2747

 

Vadim Avetisyan

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5986-2794

 

Ihor Gritsina

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2581-1614

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2022-35-7

 

Keywords: gel-forming compositions, elongated barrel, extinguishing unit, finely sprayed jet, model hearth

 

Аnnotation

 

This new installation allows extinguishing with gel-forming compounds from a distance of 3–5 m to the center of the fire, ensuring the safety of firefighters. A full-scale sample of the original two-knee sprayer of the knapsack installation was designed, manufactured and tested. Experimental studies have shown that its use due to compactness in the folded state and ease of deployment in the working position, provides ease of transportation and efficiency of operation in rapidly changing fire conditions, especially in high-rise buildings. With the supply of gel-forming compositions in finely divided form, a reduction in their cost for extinguishing the hearth is achieved, compared to previously proposed technical solutions, 1,5 times. To determine the effective value of the dispersion and intensity of spraying of gel-forming compositions in mathematical models of the cost of extinguishing the model hearth and the time of its extinguishing, polynomials of the second degree are used. Unknown coefficients are determined by the standard least squares method. As a result, rational values of droplet diameter (1 mm) and feed intensity (0,6 l/s) of gel-forming compositions were determined, which provided the technical optimum of their use. Thus, it was found that the parameters of extinguishing the model hearth 1A finely sprayed gelling compositions correspond to a total consumption of 2,5 kg, which is 3,5 times less than water.

 

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Experimental verification of the hazardous gas distribution model

 

Maksim Kustov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-6399

 

Andrii Melnychenko

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7229-6926

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2022-35-4

 

Keywords: gas sorption, experimental chamber, dispersed flow, concentration distribution, deposition intensity, model adequacy, Fisher's test

 

Аnnotation

An experimental verification of the adequacy of the theoretical model of the distribution of hazardous gases in the air stream during its intensive deposition by dispersed jets is carried out. Comparative analysis of the results of the experiments is embedded in the confidence interval calculated by Fisher's test with a reliability of 0,95. This testifies to the reliability of previously developed mathematical models of sorption of hazardous gases. The results of experiments confirmed the high intensity of sorption of ammonia by water flow and showed that the use of water curtains can significantly reduce the size of atmospheric damage by hazardous gases. To conduct reliable experimental research and model the conditions of deposition of hazardous gases in the path of air flow, an experimental chamber for the study of sorption processes was developed and created. The developed experimental chamber and research methods provide for safety when working with hazardous gaseous substances. The design of the chamber body in the form of an elongated cylinder with a network of gas analyzers allows you to measure the dynamics of the spatial distribution of gases at different flow intensities. The method of the experiment involves three main variable parameters – air flow rate, intensity and dispersion of liquid flow and additional variable parameters determined by the physicochemical nature of sorption processes – ambient temperature and pressure, chemical composition of the liquid. The use of the developed experimental chamber in research will allow to measure the intensity of sorption processes of gaseous substances by the flow of dispersed liquids, liquid mixtures and solutions. The efficiency of practical use of the method of forecasting the intensity of emergency response with the emission of hazardous gases was tested.

 

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Forecasting the smallest super molecular formations for alkanes of normal and isomeric structure

 

DmytroTregubov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1821-822X

 

Andrei Sharshanov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9115-3453

 

Dmitry Sokolov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7772-6577

 

Flora Tregubova

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2497-7396

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2022-35-5

 

Keywords: cluster, substance, melting point, "even-odd" molecules, alkanes, normal and isomeric structure, calculation

 

Аnnotation

The problem of melting points adequate prediction (tmp) hydrocarbons as a base temperature for many practical calculations, based on modeling their supramolecular structure, is considered. Oscillatory dependences of tmp(nС) in homologous series of normal and isomeric structure alkanes are analyzed. A review of methods for taking into account in the parameters calculation of substance properties of the "evenness-oddness" effect of molecules by carbon atoms number for alkanes is performed. The substance smallest structural unit in the form of a cluster with a certain coordination number is considered. It is shown that dependences of tmp on the molecular weight of the cluster for hydrocarbons and metals differ significantly. A conclusion is made about the determining influence of the cluster structure on tmp (linear structure for hydrocarbons and in the form of a crystal lattice for metals). 3 calculation methods of the cluster length on the values basis of the molecule lav and coordination number are considered. It is found that calculations based on one molecule parameters give insufficient correlation for tmp alkanes – 0,92, after adapting the method to determine the cluster length reached R2=0,984, the calculation of the equivalent cluster length increases R2 to 0,993. It is shown that calculation of tmp should take into account the equivalent length nСeq and the molecular weight M of the cluster. The complex parameter "melting ease" as nСeqM0,2 and the corresponding analytical dependence for tmp with R2=0,99 for 90 compounds of series of hydrocarbons with the normal and isomeric structure were developed. The presence and determining influence of the substance cluster structure on tmp is proved indirectly. The predicting possibility for tmp(nС) of hydrocarbons with the oscillation adequate reflection for the tmp(nС) dependence is achieved.

 

References

  1. Tregubov, D., Tarakhno, О., Sokolov, D., Trehubova, F. (2021). The identification of hydrocarbons cluster structure by melting point. Problems of Emergency Situations, 34, 94–109. doi:10.52363/2524-0226-2021-34-7
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  3. Atume, E. T. (2020). Absolute Prediction of the Melting and Freezing Points of Saturated Hydrocarbons Using Their Molar Masses and Atume’s Series. Advanced Journal of Chemistry, 3(2), 122– doi:10.33945/SAMI/AJCA.2020.2.2
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  9. Yang, K., Cai, Zh., Jaiswal, A., Tyagi, M., Moore, J.S., Zhang, Y. (2016). Dynamic Odd–Even Effect in Liquid n-Alkanes near Their Melting Points. Angewandte Chemie, 55(45), 14090–14095. doi:10.1002/anie.201607316
  10. Tarakhno, О. V., Tregubov, D. G. et al. (2020). Osnovni polozhennya protsesu horinnya. Vynyknennya protsesu horinnya. Kharkiv, NUTSZU, 408. Retrieved from: http://repositsc.nuczu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11382
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Spectral properties of the dynamics of dangerous environmental factors during indoor fires

 

Boris Pospelov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-3839

 

Evgeniy Rybka

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-5151

 

Mikhail Samoilov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8924-7944

 

Ruslan Meleshchenko

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5411-2030

 

Yuliia Bezuhla

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4022-2807

 

Oleksandr Yashchenko

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-389X

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2022-35-3

 

Keywords: ignition of materials, gaseous indoor environment, amplitude instantaneous spectrum, phase instantaneous spectrum

 

Аnnotation

The spectral density and amplitude and phase spectra of the dynamics of the main dangerous factors of the gas environment during the ignition of test materials in a laboratory chamber were investigated. The object of the study is the spectral properties of the dynamics of dangerous factors of the gas environment during the ignition of materials. The main subject is the spectral density and the direct Fourier transform of discrete measurements of hazardous parameters of the gas environment at fixed intervals before and after the ignition of the material. The direct discrete Fourier transform allows determining the instantaneous amplitude and phase spectra for selected fixed time intervals. This makes it possible to study the peculiarities of instantaneous amplitudes and phases of harmonic components in the spectrum of non-stationary dynamics of dangerous parameters of the gas environment. It was established that the nature of the spectral density and amplitude spectrum is uninformative from the point of view of fire detection. It was established that the main contribution to the density and amplitude spectrum of the dynamics of the investigated hazardous parameters of the gas environment in the chamber is made by frequency components in the range of 0–0,2 Hz. At the same time, the contribution to the spectral density and amplitude spectrum of frequency components above 0,2 Hz decreases significantly with increasing frequency. It was found that the use of the direct Fourier transformation of the measured data and the use of the phase spectrum for the high-frequency components of the dynamics of the hazardous parameters of the gas environment exceeding 0,2 Hz are more informative and sensitive from the point of view of detecting fires. It was established that the nature of the phase spread for the specified frequency components in the phase spectrum depends on the type of ignition material. By the nature of the phase spread of the frequency components, it is possible not only to detect ignition, but also to recognize the type of ignition material.

 

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